What is a Brown Snake?

A brown snake is a snake usually belonging to a specific genus that is identified due to its coloration and appearance rather than other physical traits. The term does not usually refer to a specific scientific category of snake, and instead is either used colloquially or as a common name for one of a variety of different snakes. They will typically be snakes that are brown in color and common in a certain area, with examples being the Massachusetts brown snake, eastern brown snake of Australia, and the Texas brown snake.

The Texas brown snake is a small snake that is typically brown in appearance, often with dark spots and a long light stripe running along its length. They are typically only about a foot (about 30.5 cm) in length when fully grown and feed on small insects and invertebrates such as worms and slugs. While not venomous, they will often act aggressively if confronted, in an effort to ward off potential predators. They will coil up and even strike out at a target, though this is mostly for show as they typically strike with their mouths closed and cannot open their mouths enough to actually bite a person.

Another type of brown snake can be found in Massachusetts and is quite similar to those found in Texas. Both types are often found in moist dirt, and both feed on small insects. The Massachusetts brown gives birth to live babies and is typically active and hunts during the day rather than in the night. They are also non-venomous, though they may bite if threatened or stepped on by an unwary hiker or gardener.

The eastern brown snake found in Australia, on the other hand, is the second deadliest snake in the world, and they have been responsible for numerous human deaths. Only the inland taipan, also found in Australia, produces more venom than the eastern brown, and the eastern brown can easily inject enough venom in a single bite to endanger an adult human. The eastern brown grows to about five feet (1.5 meters) in length, is active during the day, and can be quite aggressive if confronted.

The venom from an eastern brown snake contains both neurotoxins, which cause negative neurological and chemical effects within the human body, and coagulants. These coagulants can cause the blood of a bitten victim to turn to a consistency similar to gelatin. Once bitten by an eastern brown, a person will often spontaneously collapse and will typically die if not given immediate medical attention.

A brown snake refers to several species of snakes that typically have a brown coloration. They are found across various continents, with the Eastern Brown Snake native to Australia, and the North American Brown Snake found in the eastern United States and southeastern Canada. These snakes inhabit diverse environments, from urban areas to grasslands and forests.

Some brown snakes, like the Eastern Brown Snake of Australia, are highly venomous and pose a significant risk to humans. According to the Australian Museum, the Eastern Brown Snake is responsible for more deaths in Australia than any other group of snakes. However, North American species, such as Storeria dekayi, are non-venomous and not dangerous to humans.

Brown snakes have a varied diet depending on their species and habitat. They commonly feed on small invertebrates. For instance, the North American Brown Snake primarily consumes slugs, snails, and earthworms, making it a beneficial species for controlling garden pests. Larger brown snake species may also eat small mammals, birds, and reptiles.

Brown snakes reproduce by laying eggs or giving birth to live young, depending on the species. For example, the Eastern Brown Snake lays eggs, while some North American species are ovoviviparous, meaning they give birth to live young that have developed inside eggs within the mother's body. Reproduction typically occurs in the warmer months.

The conservation status of brown snakes varies by species. Many species are considered of 'Least Concern' due to their wide distribution and stable populations. However, habitat destruction and human encroachment can threaten certain populations. Conservation efforts are important to ensure the survival of species with declining numbers.

To identify a brown snake, look for a slender body, brown coloration, and a distinctive head shape, which can vary among species. If you encounter a brown snake, it's best to keep a safe distance, especially if you're in a region with venomous species. Never attempt to handle or harm the snake, and if in Australia, be particularly cautious as some species are highly venomous.