Why do Whales Breach?

Although marine biologists have paid recent attention to the endangered species of whales, they have not conducted enough research to know exactly why whales breach. Breaching occurs when a whale, especially a humpback, flips itself entirely out of the water, twists in midair, and lands loudly on its side. Tourists on whale-watching tours may think the cavorting mammals breach just to create photogenic moments, but it probably has more to do with communication, comfort, defense, or predatory behavior.

One theory hypothesizes that whales breach as an alternative method of communication, instead of their underwater sonar noises. The smack can probably be heard by other whales for a very long distance. Yet what whales are saying to each other can only be guessed. Are they alerting friends to plentiful food sources? Enticing mates? Or merely announcing their presence?

Another theory is based on the fact that, after breaching, a great deal of dead skin and barnacles are sloughed off from the impact of the landing. Scientists trying to track individual whales based on their DNA noticed this convenient way of collecting genetic material. It isn't known if whales breach intentionally to scrape off the top layer of skin, water lice, or barnacles, much as humans scratch with their fingernails, but it seems plausible.

Perhaps whales have recently developed their frequent breaching as a response to so many barges, boats, ships, and people in the water. Since they have adequate eyesight, it's thought that they leap out of the ocean both to see and be seen by human-driven craft. This gives them time to prepare for a moving ship and also alerts a ship not to come too close to the area where the whales are congregating. This avoids injury to both parties.

Two lesser-known theories have to do with traveling quickly and preying upon fish. Aerodynamically, briefly leaving the water for the air might help a whale swim fast over long distances. Breaching may have energy efficient aspects. Secondly, whales might purposefully land directly on top of prey that otherwise they couldn't consume without getting bitten themselves. The forceful impact has been known to knock prey unconscious long enough for the whale to swallow it.

Whales breach primarily for communication purposes. The loud sound produced upon re-entering the water can be heard over long distances, serving as a way to signal other whales. This behavior may convey messages related to navigation, warning, or mating. Breaching could also be a display of strength or a method to dislodge parasites.

The frequency of whale breaching varies among species and individuals. Some whales may breach multiple times in a short period, while others may do so less frequently. Environmental factors, social dynamics, and individual behavior patterns all influence the rate of breaching. Observational studies suggest that breaching can occur several times an hour during peak activity.

Yes, breaching is often considered a form of play, especially in younger whales. Playful breaching is a way for young whales to practice coordination, build muscle strength, and engage with their environment. It's a natural part of their development and can be observed in various whale populations around the world.

Breaching plays a significant role in whale social structures. It can be a form of non-verbal communication among pod members, helping to maintain social bonds and coordinate group activities. Breaching may also be used in mating displays, as a show of fitness and to attract potential mates.

While breaching is not directly related to feeding, it can be indirectly connected. For example, humpback whales have been observed breaching in areas where they feed. Some researchers suggest that breaching may help to herd fish or stun prey, but this behavior is more likely to be coincidental to feeding rather than a hunting strategy.

Most whale species have been observed breaching, but the frequency and style can vary widely. Humpback whales are particularly known for their spectacular breaches, while other species may be less prone to this behavior. Factors such as body size, social behavior, and habitat can influence the likelihood of breaching across different whale species.