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What is Phragmites?

L.K. Blackburn
L.K. Blackburn

Phragmites are the common reed known scientifically as Phragmites australis. They are found worldwide in Europe, North America, Asia, Africa, and Australia. While primarily located in coastal marsh areas and wetlands, the reed is also found inland in areas such as the mid-western United States. Phragmites spread using a rhizome root system, and are frequently used as a habitat for many varied species of birds. The plant can reach heights of 19.6 feet (6 m), and the invasive nature of its root structure means it is often thought of as a nuisance, and is sometimes removed so it does not interfere with other plant life and shorelines.

Originally thought to be introduced to North America from Europe, there is now evidence that some forms of the plant are native to North America. Phragmites can live in both clear and brackish water, and grow in expansive plots connected by a shared root system known as reed beds. The grazing of pasture animals can serve as a limiting function of the size of the beds, which, when left unchecked, can grow to sizes reaching almost half a square mile (1 km).

Many species of birds use Phragmites as a habitat for winter migration.
Many species of birds use Phragmites as a habitat for winter migration.

Phragmites flower in the middle of the summer, and grow silky hair like spikelets. Though the reed spreads mostly through its rhizome root structure, the spread of the flowers by wind serves to move the plant to new areas. Conversely, the thick root system of the plant allows it to move out quickly within its current space, overtaking other foliage in a given area. The invasiveness of Phragmites mean it is often removed as result of blocking coastal access and destroying surrounding plant life. Given the tenaciousness of its root structure, the plant may need to be removed using multiple burnings and chemical treatments, such as herbicides.

Herons and other birds use Phragmite reeds for nesting.
Herons and other birds use Phragmite reeds for nesting.

Many species of birds use Phragmites as a habitat for winter migration, nesting, and breeding. There exists some concern that the frequent removal of the reeds may displace the birds and threaten their survival. Several species of heron, such as the Green Heron, use the reed for nesting, while types of geese, such as the Canadian Goose, use it for breeding. Other species of birds that live within the reeds include the Mallard duck, Tree Swallows, and the Marsh Wren.

The bittern, a type of bird in the heron family, is often found in marshlands where phragmites grow.
The bittern, a type of bird in the heron family, is often found in marshlands where phragmites grow.

While no longer a common practice, Phragmites were used in Britain as reeds for thatching the roofs of houses and other structures. Historically, the reed has also been used to make baskets, mats, and even spears. It is still used today in some forms of water treatment filtering, where the roots of the plant are used to treat and filter out gray water for irrigation purposes.

Frequently Asked Questions

What exactly is Phragmites?

The green heron is known to nest in phragmite reeds.
The green heron is known to nest in phragmite reeds.

Phragmites, also known as the common reed, is a tall perennial grass that thrives in wetlands across the globe. It's characterized by its towering stems that can reach up to 5 meters in height and its feathery flower heads. This invasive species can outcompete native flora, leading to reduced biodiversity in affected ecosystems.

Why is Phragmites considered invasive?

Phragmites is deemed invasive due to its aggressive growth and ability to dominate ecosystems, often leading to monocultures. It spreads rapidly through both rhizomes and seeds, choking out native plants, altering habitats, and even affecting local wildlife. Its presence can also impact water flow and reduce the quality of wetland habitats.

How does Phragmites affect local ecosystems?

Phragmites alters ecosystems by displacing native vegetation, which can disrupt food chains and reduce habitat diversity. This displacement can lead to a decline in native species, including birds and insects that rely on indigenous plants. The dense growth of Phragmites can also obstruct waterways and change the hydrology of wetlands, affecting fish and amphibian populations.

Can Phragmites be controlled or eradicated?

Controlling Phragmites is challenging but possible through a combination of methods. These include mechanical removal, prescribed burning, and the application of herbicides. However, eradication requires persistent efforts over several years to prevent regrowth. Early detection and rapid response are crucial in managing this invasive species effectively.

Are there any benefits to Phragmites?

Despite its invasive nature, Phragmites does have some benefits. It can provide erosion control and can be used for biofuel production. In some regions, it's used for thatching roofs and making mats. However, these benefits are generally overshadowed by the ecological damage caused by its invasive spread.

How can I identify Phragmites in my local area?

To identify Phragmites, look for tall grasses with dense stands and feathery, purple-brown flower plumes that appear in late summer. The stems are stiff and hollow, and the leaves are long and flat. In winter, the dead reeds remain standing and can help in identification. If you suspect Phragmites in your area, consult local environmental authorities for confirmation and advice.

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    • Many species of birds use Phragmites as a habitat for winter migration.
      By: Naj
      Many species of birds use Phragmites as a habitat for winter migration.
    • Herons and other birds use Phragmite reeds for nesting.
      Herons and other birds use Phragmite reeds for nesting.
    • The bittern, a type of bird in the heron family, is often found in marshlands where phragmites grow.
      The bittern, a type of bird in the heron family, is often found in marshlands where phragmites grow.
    • The green heron is known to nest in phragmite reeds.
      The green heron is known to nest in phragmite reeds.