What is an Arapaima?

The arapaima is a large fish that lives in South America. It is one of the biggest freshwater fish in the world and can grow to more than 6.6 feet (about 2 meters) in length. The fish mainly feeds on other small fish and animals. Arapaima fish are also sometimes known as paiche or pirarucu, depending on the location. The fish is part of a group known as the “living fossils” — animals or fish that appear to be the same as species found in fossils.

The size of the arapaima fish makes them a constant target for fishermen as they are a common food fish. For this reason, the largest arapaima fish are no longer regularly found in the wild. It is thought that although large examples of the species regularly reach 6.6 feet (about 2 meters) the species is capable of growing to much larger sizes. It is commonly said that if the fish weren't hunted, there would be specimens that could reach close to 15 feet (about 4.5 meters).

Arapaima fish mainly live off other fish, although they also eat small animals and crustaceans. It is an air breathing fish, which is an evolutionary advantage the species has developed to cope with regions of the Amazon river that don’t have high concentrations of oxygen. The fish spends a lot of time in shallow water.

The Amazon River regularly floods, which can have a large impact on the reproductive cycle of the fish. Usually the fish will lay eggs during the first few months of the year when the river is at a low point. The eggs are put into nests that are around 2 feet (half a meter) wide. The eggs hatch when the water begins to rise.

The meat of the arapaima is considered to be a delicacy in many regions of South America. This led to it being hunted close to extinction. There are a number of ways the fish is caught, including big nets or harpooning. Due to the size, catching individual fish is the only viable option for most fishermen.

As the fish is close to extinction in many regions, it is no longer a legal target for fisherman in most of Brazil. There are still some small regions where the fish is allowed to be caught, but only to be put back into the river or for consumption by the people who caught it. There are, however, farms for the fish which supply fish steaks to service the demand.

The Arapaima, also known as Arapaima gigas, is one of the largest freshwater fish in the world, native to the Amazon Basin in South America. These giants can grow up to 10 feet long and weigh as much as 440 pounds. They inhabit freshwater rivers, lakes, and floodplains, particularly in Brazil, where they are a significant part of the aquatic ecosystem.

Arapaimas have a unique adaptation that allows them to breathe air using a modified swim bladder, which functions similarly to a lung. This adaptation is crucial as they live in oxygen-poor waters. They must surface every 15-20 minutes to gulp air, ensuring their survival in environments where other fish would suffocate.

Arapaimas are apex predators with a carnivorous diet, primarily feeding on fish, crustaceans, and even small land animals that venture close to the water. Their upturned mouths are an adaptation for surface feeding, and they are known to leap out of the water to catch prey, demonstrating their impressive hunting prowess.

According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the Arapaima is considered data deficient, meaning there's insufficient information to assess its risk of extinction. However, they face threats from overfishing and habitat loss. Conservation efforts are crucial to ensure their survival, as they play a vital role in their ecosystem.

Arapaimas engage in a unique reproductive behavior where they build nests in sandy areas during the low-water season. They exhibit parental care, with both males and females guarding the eggs. Remarkably, the male Arapaima is responsible for aerating the eggs and protecting the young after they hatch, often carrying them in his mouth for safety.

Due to their massive size and specific environmental needs, Arapaimas are not suitable for most private aquariums. They require very large tanks with ample space to accommodate their growth, specialized diets, and the ability to surface for air. Only public aquariums with the proper resources can typically provide an adequate habitat for these colossal fish.