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What is a Vernacular Name?

DM Gutierrez
DM Gutierrez

Animals and plants are known by several different names. The scientific names for organisms are typically derived from Latin, while the common, or vernacular, name is generally in the regional language. The vernacular name of an animal or plant is the most widely-known term, while the more colloquial nomenclature, sometimes called the “farmer’s name," for organisms is less well-known outside a specific location.

A vernacular name often includes a descriptive term, either related to appearance or behavior. The howler monkey, or Alouatta caraya, gets its name from the extremely loud cry it emits, while the clouded leopard receives its name from the cloud-like spots on its gray or brown hide. The electric eel, or Electrophorus electricus, is named for its ability to deliver shocks, and the walking stick insect (Diapheromera femorata) is named for both its behavior and appearance.

The domestic pig, Sus domesticus.
The domestic pig, Sus domesticus.

Organisms may also be named for the region in which they are found, such as the Colorado River toad (Bufo alvarius) or the plant known as the Rocky Mountain garland, also known as Clarkia hybrids. The deer or black-legged tick’s vernacular name refers to where it is commonly found, attached to deer, as well as its physical markings. Similarly, the cactus wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) gets its vernacular name from its cactus habitat. Some species are given their vernacular name for entire continents or countries, like the African gray parrot (Psittacus erithacus) and the English sparrow, or Passer domesticus, which is also known by the common names of house sparrow and town sparrow.

The mountain lion is also known as the puma, cougar and catamount.
The mountain lion is also known as the puma, cougar and catamount.

In the world of mammals, one animal may go by many different names. For example, the cougar (Felis concolor) is also often called the mountain lion, the puma, and the catamount. Skunks, known as Mephitis mephitis, often also have the vernacular name of polecats or civet cats. The African wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) is sometimes known as a water buffalo or a gnu. The domesticated dog (Canis lupis familiaris) is known by many different names: hound, mutt, mastiff, and cur.

The vernacular name of the deer tick refers to where is it found, on deer.
The vernacular name of the deer tick refers to where is it found, on deer.

Some plants and animals have vernacular names based on the person who discovered, developed, or bred them. This is especially true of flowers and trees like the Abbott pink, a bluebonnet developed by Carroll Abbott. Organisms are sometimes named in honor of someone besides the discoverer or creator. Goffin’s cockatoo (Lophochroa goffini) was named by its discoverer in honor of a close friend. Several recently discovered species of insects have been named after celebrities like comedians Laurel and Hardy, rock musician Mick Jagger, and billionaire Bill Gates.

Frequently Asked Questions

What exactly is a vernacular name?

A vernacular name is a common, non-scientific name given to a species based on local language and tradition. Unlike scientific names, which follow a standardized system, vernacular names can vary widely from one region to another. They often reflect cultural significance or prominent features of the species, making them more accessible to the general public.

Why are vernacular names important in biology?

Vernacular names play a crucial role in engaging the public with biodiversity. They are easier to remember and pronounce than scientific names, fostering a connection between people and local wildlife. This connection can be vital for conservation efforts, as it raises awareness and encourages the protection of species that are culturally significant to a community.

Can a species have multiple vernacular names?

Yes, a species can have multiple vernacular names, often due to its distribution across different regions and cultures. For example, the mountain lion is also known as a cougar, puma, or panther in various parts of the Americas. This diversity in names reflects the linguistic and cultural richness of the areas where the species is found.

How do vernacular names differ from scientific names?

Vernacular names are based on local language and tradition, while scientific names follow a formal system called binomial nomenclature, established by Carl Linnaeus. Scientific names are in Latin or Latinized Greek and consist of two parts: the genus and the species. They provide a universal standard that scientists worldwide can recognize, regardless of language barriers.

Are vernacular names standardized in any way?

Unlike scientific names, vernacular names are not standardized. However, some organizations attempt to create more uniformity for common names to aid in communication and education. For instance, the American Ornithological Society maintains a checklist of standardized common bird names to help avoid confusion in the ornithological community.

How do vernacular names influence conservation efforts?

Vernacular names can significantly influence conservation efforts by fostering a sense of familiarity and care for a species within local communities. When a species has a name that resonates culturally, it can help rally support for its protection. Moreover, engaging educational campaigns often use vernacular names to connect with a broader audience and promote conservation awareness.

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    • The domestic pig, Sus domesticus.
      By: Anatolii
      The domestic pig, Sus domesticus.
    • The mountain lion is also known as the puma, cougar and catamount.
      By: SandmanX
      The mountain lion is also known as the puma, cougar and catamount.
    • The vernacular name of the deer tick refers to where is it found, on deer.
      By: epantha
      The vernacular name of the deer tick refers to where is it found, on deer.