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What Is a Sulcata Tortoise?

Jack Magnus
Jack Magnus

The sulcata tortoise, Geochelone sulcata, is a desert tortoise native to the Sahel region of Africa, south of the Sahara Desert. It is found in the desert and savannah grasslands of Niger, Senegal and Ethiopia. Adult sulcatas measure from 18 to 30 inches (45 to 76 centimeters) in diameter, and weigh from 70 to 150 pounds (30 to 68 kilograms). They are the third-largest tortoise after the Galapagos and Aldabran tortoises.

This species has become endangered in much of its natural habitat as a result of environmental changes and socio-economic conditions in the area. In Senegal, the sulcata tortoise is revered, and conservation efforts have been successful. The pet trade has been a mixed blessing for the survival of this species, because it generally does well in captivity.

African tortoises are more heat and drought tolerant.
African tortoises are more heat and drought tolerant.

Hatchling sulcatas are small enough to fit into the palm of one’s hand. They are friendly, outgoing reptiles and are readily available from pet stores and online sources. While sulcatas grow slowly in their harsh, natural environment, taking from 25 to 50 years to reach full size, a captive sulcata tortoise can reach full size in as little as 5 to 10 years. Providing them with the proper care and environment can be challenging.

The sulcata tortoise is native to Ethiopia.
The sulcata tortoise is native to Ethiopia.

Sulcatas are as long lived as the Galapagos and can live more than 100 years. They usually outlive their owners, who should make sure they’ve arranged for a friend or family member to adopt their pet tortoise, if necessary. Their upkeep can be costly, so it is suggested that one also set up a stipend to cover care and feeding.

In the desert and savannah, sulcatas eat grasses, wild flowers and other plants. They require a diet that is high in fiber and low in protein. The bulk of their food should be timothy hay, grass hay and edible leaves, flowers and weeds. Sulcata tortoises can be fed vegetables occasionally, and, on rare occasions, fruits such as oranges or apples.

There are dozens of species of tortoises, including the sulcata.
There are dozens of species of tortoises, including the sulcata.

While they are still young, sulcata tortoises are best housed on tortoise tables, rather than aquariums, which do not allow sufficient air circulation. Tortoise tables are usually made of wood and have walls high enough to keep the tortoises from climbing over them. An ideal habitat has a recessed area for sleeping and a daytime area that is kept between 75° and 85° Fahrenheit (23° and 29° Celsius). Ultraviolet B (UVB) lighting is essential, because the sulcata tortoise depends on these rays to get sufficient calcium.

On rare occasions, sulcata tortoises may be fed fruits like apples and oranges.
On rare occasions, sulcata tortoises may be fed fruits like apples and oranges.

The bedding on the tortoise table can be of aspen shavings, topsoil mixed with grated coconut shell or sphagnum moss. It should be left in piles for the tortoise to push around and burrow in. The natural burrows of the sulcata are damp and humid, so keeping the substrate on the table moist is recommended.

Sulcata tortoises rarely have access to water in the desert, and some may never learn to drink water. Dehydration is a major cause of death with sulcata hatchlings. They should be soaked for 15 minutes every day while they are small. As they get larger, they require fewer soakings, though there should always be a flat dish of water, such as a terra cotta saucer for a large planter, available for them.

Every day weather permits, one should take his or her tortoise outside to graze on grasses and weeds and to absorb the sun’s rays. When the tortoise is too large to easily pick up and carry, it is necessary to build or buy an outdoor shed for it to sleep in at night. They cannot tolerate temperatures below 60° Fahrenheit (16° Celsius), heating systems should be installed in their outdoor sheds.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a Sulcata Tortoise?

The Sulcata Tortoise, also known as the African Spurred Tortoise, is a species native to the Sahara Desert and the Sahel, a transitional ecozone of semi-arid grasslands, savannas, and thorn shrublands. It is the third-largest species of tortoise in the world, known for its distinctive spurs on the rear legs and its impressive size, which can reach up to 200 pounds and 30 inches in length.

How long do Sulcata Tortoises live?

Sulcata Tortoises are known for their longevity, with many individuals reaching ages of 70 years or more. With proper care, these tortoises can even surpass a century, making them lifelong companions. Their long lifespan requires a significant commitment from pet owners, who must ensure they can provide care throughout the tortoise's life.

What kind of habitat is suitable for a Sulcata Tortoise?

Sulcata Tortoises thrive in warm, arid environments that mimic their natural desert habitat. They require spacious outdoor enclosures with access to sunlight for basking and a temperature gradient to regulate their body temperature. The enclosure should include a dry, well-drained substrate, shelter from extreme weather, and areas for burrowing, as they are adept diggers.

What do Sulcata Tortoises eat?

Sulcata Tortoises are primarily herbivores, consuming a diet rich in fibrous plants like grasses, hay, and leafy greens. They require a high-fiber, low-protein, and calcium-rich diet to maintain their health. It's crucial to avoid feeding them fruits or high-protein foods, as these can cause health issues. A balanced diet ensures proper shell development and overall well-being.

How can you tell the age of a Sulcata Tortoise?

Determining the exact age of a Sulcata Tortoise can be challenging once it reaches adulthood. While growth rings on the scutes (scales) of the shell can provide an estimate of age in younger tortoises, these become less distinct as the tortoise ages. The size of the tortoise, along with knowledge of its history, can offer clues to its age.

Are Sulcata Tortoises good pets?

Sulcata Tortoises can be rewarding pets for the right owner, but they require significant space, resources, and long-term commitment due to their size and lifespan. They are not ideal for small living spaces or for owners who cannot provide the necessary environment. Prospective owners should thoroughly research and prepare for the responsibility of caring for these majestic creatures.

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    • African tortoises are more heat and drought tolerant.
      By: vladischern
      African tortoises are more heat and drought tolerant.
    • The sulcata tortoise is native to Ethiopia.
      By: imageoptimist
      The sulcata tortoise is native to Ethiopia.
    • There are dozens of species of tortoises, including the sulcata.
      By: mgkuijpers
      There are dozens of species of tortoises, including the sulcata.
    • On rare occasions, sulcata tortoises may be fed fruits like apples and oranges.
      By: bergamont
      On rare occasions, sulcata tortoises may be fed fruits like apples and oranges.