Environment
Fact-checked

At AllThingsNature, we're committed to delivering accurate, trustworthy information. Our expert-authored content is rigorously fact-checked and sourced from credible authorities. Discover how we uphold the highest standards in providing you with reliable knowledge.

Learn more...

What Is a Plant Cuticle?

Sandi Johnson
Sandi Johnson

A plant cuticle is the waxy film or membrane that covers leaves and other dermal tissue on plant sections above the ground. Waxes and polymers such as cutin and cutan, which contain omega hydroxy acids, ester, epoxides, and hydrophobic aliphatic compounds, make up the cuticle. Cutin is a polyester polymer, while cutan is a hydrocarbon polymer; both contribute to a plant's ability to thrive in an aerial environment. Cuticular membranes protect plants primarily from water loss, but also assist with other dermal tissue functions such as infection prevention.

In effect, a plant cuticle functions much like human skin, in that it protects the plant from losing too much water, as well as serving as a barrier against certain bacteria, fungi, and other damage-causing organisms. Its film covers both the top and bottom of leaves and other dermal areas of the plant, encapsulating the uppermost epidermal layer of plant tissue. Leaf tops tend to have a thicker cuticle than shoots or the under side of leaves, since the top of a leaf is exposed to more sun, wind, and pests than other dermal tissue.

A plant cuticle is the waxy film or membrane that covers the leaves and other dermal tissues on the plant.
A plant cuticle is the waxy film or membrane that covers the leaves and other dermal tissues on the plant.

Underneath the protective layer of the cuticle resides the plant's upper and lower epidermis, as well as the mesophyll, where plant cells convert light to energy during photosynthesis. Without a plant cuticle, the water absorption process necessary to complete photosynthesis would require a far larger water supply to compensate for evaporation. Fewer tender plants and young shoots would form, and even fewer would survive without the cuticle offering further protection from bacterial or other microscopic infections.

As part a plant's shoot system — those plant components that appear above the soil line — dermal tissue is comprised of dense cells known as epidermal cells. Epidermal cells are responsible for secreting the waxy polymers and other substances that make up the plant cuticle and help the plant retain water. Soluble waxes and polymers secreted by epidermal cells spread all along leaf and shoot surfaces to form the protective cuticle membrane as these plant parts develop and grow.

Not all plants produce a cuticle. Plants with periderm, the system of epidermal layers on woody plants most commonly referenced as bark, do not have a plant cuticle. Instead, these plants have living inner periderm layers, such as the phelloderm and the cortex, as well as dead outer periderm layers, known as rhytidome or cork. Woody plants such as trees, certain types of vines, and shrubs have periderm layers rather than a cuticular membranes.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the primary function of a plant cuticle?

The plant cuticle serves as a protective barrier, covering the outer surface of the epidermis in leaves, young shoots, and other aerial plant organs. Its primary function is to minimize water loss, thus helping plants retain moisture and survive in various environmental conditions. Additionally, it protects against pathogens and reduces damage from UV radiation.

What is the plant cuticle made of?

The plant cuticle is primarily composed of cutin, a waxy substance that is a polymer of hydroxy fatty acids. This waxy layer is often embedded with or covered by other substances like waxes and cutan, which enhance its protective qualities. The composition can vary widely among different plant species, adapting to their specific ecological niches.

How does the plant cuticle affect gas exchange in plants?

While the cuticle is essential for reducing water loss, it is impermeable to gases. Therefore, plants have evolved structures called stomata—tiny openings on the leaf surface—that regulate gas exchange. Stomata can open to allow carbon dioxide in for photosynthesis and release oxygen, while minimizing water loss by closing when conditions are dry.

Can the thickness of the plant cuticle change, and if so, how?

Yes, the thickness of the plant cuticle can vary depending on environmental factors. Plants growing in arid or windy conditions often develop thicker cuticles as an adaptation to reduce water loss. Conversely, plants in moist environments may have thinner cuticles. The cuticle can also thicken in response to UV radiation and physical damage.

Is the plant cuticle involved in plant defense?

Absolutely, the plant cuticle plays a significant role in defense against biotic stressors such as herbivores and pathogens. Its chemical and physical properties can deter insects and prevent the penetration of fungal spores and bacteria. Some plants even incorporate defensive chemicals into the cuticle to enhance their protective function.

How do human activities impact the plant cuticle?

Human activities can have both direct and indirect effects on the plant cuticle. Pollution and changes in atmospheric composition can alter cuticle development, potentially making plants more susceptible to water loss and disease. Agricultural practices, such as the application of pesticides, can also affect the integrity and function of the cuticle.

Discussion Comments

Fa5t3r

@pleonasm - The cuticle is waxy, but it's not really secreted like oil. It's a very thin layer on top of the normal cells, but it is made up of cells, I think.

It's probably much thicker in plants like cacti and tropical trees, where the need to hold in water ad protect the plant from disease and fungus is greater.

pleonasm

@clintflint - Well, no, I believe the cuticle is more like the oils we secrete on our skin than like the skin itself. It's relatively inert, so it doesn't react to anything, it just forms and then sits there.

Most plants have a layer below the cuticle which acts more like skin, in that it has stomata which are like little holes that can take in and let out water and gases.

And, in theory, the plant can survive without the cuticle, even if it wouldn't do as well without it and would probably lose much more water.

clintflint

So the cuticle in plants is basically like the skin of the plant, acting like human skin does to keep water in and waterproof us and so forth.

It's interesting how complicated plants actually are when you start to study them. They seem like they shouldn't have all that much to know about them and then you start reading about how many different components make up even a single leaf.

Post your comments
Login:
Forgot password?
Register:
    • A plant cuticle is the waxy film or membrane that covers the leaves and other dermal tissues on the plant.
      By: Swapan
      A plant cuticle is the waxy film or membrane that covers the leaves and other dermal tissues on the plant.