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What is a Killer Whale?

Jessica Ellis
Jessica Ellis
Jessica Ellis
Jessica Ellis

A killer whale, Orcinus Orca, is not actually a whale, but the largest member of the dolphin family. These black and white mammals are the only known predator of great white sharks, and are frequently used as show animals in marine-themed parks. Research conducted since the late 20th century has determined that the killer whale is divided into at least three groups so dissimilar that they may qualify as different species.

The killer whale is instantly recognizable by its characteristic black and white body. Although some variations have been recorded, most killer whales feature a black back and sides, with a large white patch behind each eye and a white belly. Some may have yellow or orange coloration on the borders of the two primary colors. Full grown, they range in size from 16-26 feet (5-8 meters) in length and weigh between 5,500 and 16,000 lbs (2,495-7,257 kg). Males are generally somewhat larger than females.

Killer whales are the only known predators of great white sharks.
Killer whales are the only known predators of great white sharks.

Orcas are divided into three groups based on behavior. Resident orcas live in matriarchal pods, with calves of both genders remaining with their mothers permanently. Residents eat only fish, and can often be found in the company of other dolphins, seals and sea lions. Studies have shown that when the songs of resident killer whales are played to seals and sea lions, the animals do not react as they do to predators. Orcas residing in theme parks are always residents, as their diet is entirely fish based.

Orcas live in matriarchal pods.
Orcas live in matriarchal pods.

Transient killer whales live in small groups, usually of between two and six animals. They subsist entirely off of other marine mammals, and do not eat fish. Transients may also not stay together in a permanent pod. They differ from residents in terms of physical characteristics, including a more triangular and pointed dorsal fin, and an entirely grey saddle-patch area surrounding the dorsal.

The third variety of killer whale is called an offshore killar whale, and has proved an elusive research subject for experts. Offshore pods are believed to be genetically distinct from residents and transients, and have been seen traveling in groups of up to 60 animals. These orcas are believed to spend their entire lives traveling, living on a diet of sharks and sea turtles.

The killer whale has a complex history of interaction with humans. Although there have been only a few recorded attacks of wild orcas on humans, the species has long been feared for its coordinated hunting abilities. The Latin name of the genus, orca translates to English as “from hell,” while the common name of killer whale also can imply fear. Yet humans have long been fascinated by this giant dolphin, and have kept orcas in captivity since 1964.

Orca captivity is a controversial topic, with some experts believing that the stresses of tank life are damaging to the animals. 60-90% of captive male orcas experience dorsal fin collapse which may indicate excessive stress on the animal. In the wild, killer whales live 60-80 years, while in captivity most die between 20-40 years of age. Wild orcas travel over great distances in search of food, and some experts suggest that tanks, however large, cannot compare to the open spaces of their natural habitat. Proponents of captivity claim that allowing the public to interact with whales instills compassion toward the species and may lead to increased worldwide conservation efforts.

Orcas exist in every ocean in the world, but they are not protected from the harm caused by pollution and environmental changes. Some communities of orcas are considered by experts to be endangered, including the Southern Resident community native to Washington state and British Colombia. Studies of this population have shown that their numbers have shrunk from 200 animals to 90 in a short time. Reasons for the decline are believed to be pollution and the dramatic decline in the salmon population, a main source of food for the community. The killer whale remains a fascinating apex predator, but without conservation help, its natural abilities and intelligence may not be enough to protect it from permanent population harm.

Frequently Asked Questions

What exactly is a killer whale?

A killer whale, also known as an orca, is a large, intelligent marine mammal belonging to the dolphin family. Despite their name, they are not whales but are the largest species of the Delphinidae family. Orcas are apex predators, meaning they are at the top of the food chain and have no natural predators.

How big can killer whales get?

Killer whales are among the ocean's most formidable creatures, with males reaching up to 26 feet in length and weighing as much as 6 tons. Females are slightly smaller, typically growing up to 23 feet and weighing around 4 to 5 tons. Their size makes them the largest dolphins and highly efficient hunters.

What do killer whales eat?

Killer whales have a diverse diet, feeding on fish, seals, and even large whales. Their specific prey items can depend on their geographic location and the particular ecotype or population they belong to. Some populations specialize in hunting fish like salmon, while others prefer marine mammals such as seals or other cetaceans.

Are killer whales social animals?

Yes, killer whales are highly social and live in complex societies with intricate social structures. They form close-knit groups known as pods, which can contain anywhere from a few individuals to several dozen. These pods are often matriarchal, led by an older female, and members communicate using a variety of vocalizations and body language.

How do killer whales communicate?

Killer whales communicate through an elaborate system of sounds, including clicks, whistles, and pulsed calls. Each pod has its unique dialect, which is thought to be learned and passed down through generations. This vocal complexity is a testament to their intelligence and social nature, facilitating coordination during hunting and strengthening social bonds.

Are killer whales endangered?

The conservation status of killer whales varies by population. Some populations are considered endangered or at risk due to threats like pollution, habitat loss, and reduced prey availability. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), specific populations, such as the Southern Resident killer whales, are listed as endangered, highlighting the need for targeted conservation efforts.

Jessica Ellis
Jessica Ellis

With a B.A. in theater from UCLA and a graduate degree in screenwriting from the American Film Institute, Jessica is passionate about drama and film. She has many other interests, and enjoys learning and writing about a wide range of topics in her role as a AllThingsNature writer.

Learn more...
Jessica Ellis
Jessica Ellis

With a B.A. in theater from UCLA and a graduate degree in screenwriting from the American Film Institute, Jessica is passionate about drama and film. She has many other interests, and enjoys learning and writing about a wide range of topics in her role as a AllThingsNature writer.

Learn more...

Discussion Comments

anon112941

how much and what do they eat in captivity?

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    • Killer whales are the only known predators of great white sharks.
      By: Kevin Browne
      Killer whales are the only known predators of great white sharks.
    • Orcas live in matriarchal pods.
      By: desertsolitaire
      Orcas live in matriarchal pods.