The simple answer to why trees in rainy places have big leaves is "Because they can." Having big leaves provides both benefits and disadvantages for a tree, and a rainy environment maximizes the positive reasons and minimizes the negative aspects. Big leaves are well suited to rainy climates, so many trees that grow well in rainy places have them.
The leaves on a tree fill a variety of purposes. They are the primary location for photosynthesis, the process plants use to convert sunlight and carbon dioxide into the chemical energy that they use to grow, and oxygen, which they release back into the air. The leaves also collect rainfall and direct it to the tree's root system. A rainy location encourages the trees there to grow big leaves to address both of these issues.
To grow big leaves, a tree needs plenty of nutrients. Wet soil encourages the decomposition of plant and animal matter in the soil, which means that the soil of rainy places often contains a lot of nutrients. This rich soil allows the trees that grow in it to more easily produce big leaves. The soil in a dry location would have slower decomposition, so nutrients may be harder to come by.
Trees also need ample water to grow, and a very rainy location obviously has plenty of that. The big leaves catch the rainfall and funnel it down to the tree's root system, where it can be absorbed. Leaves also release water vapor into the air. In dry climates, trees with large leaves would quickly dry out, but those in rainy climates can support large leaves because they easily replace the water lost to the air.
Very rainy locations tend to have a lot of cloud cover. The more cloud cover an area has, the less direct sunlight it will get. Trees need sunlight to perform photosynthesis, and having larger leaves in a rainy climate allows them to absorb more of the limited sunlight. Larger leaves have more surface area to catch the sun's rays. If the trees in a rainy climate had smaller leaves, they would get relatively less sun.
Trees in rainy places have tend to have large leaves and those in dry places tend to have smaller leaves because the size of the leaves need to fit the environment in order for the tree to survive. When the water and nutrients are easy to come by, as they are in rainy places, a tree is better able to support larger leaves. The leaves provide a larger area for photosynthesis to take place. The rainy climate also means that the tree can afford to lose the water vapor that comes from the larger leaves.